Tundra swan :: essays research papers

TUNDRA SWAN The Tundra Swan is the most widespread and numerous species of swan in North America. Though the Tundra Swan is mostly found in Alaska or Canada, many flocks are now beign spoted in Oregon. Tundra swans, once called whistlers, are winter visitors to Oregon. More and more are now seen in the Willamette Valley and along the Columbia River northwest of Portland. With a wingspread to about 7 feet, males weigh around 20 lbs. Tundras vary in size from 4 to 4 1/2 ft. long. Females are slightly smaller than males. Sometimes tundras are mistaken for snow geese which are much smaller birds with black wing tips. You can certainly tell a Tundra Swan from their bill. It is all black bill with variably-sized yellow spot at base. Some swans have short, duck-like bills... but the Tundra Swan has a long, strait bill. Imature Tundra Swans have a body much grayer than an adult. Males are called cobs while females are called pens. When nesting, Swans gather and pile up grass and mosses within 100 yards of water. The resulting nest measures about 6 feet across and 12-18 inches high. This nest will support the eggs above water level and provide a lookout station for the swans to guard against predators. During incubation, females care for the eggs while their mates stand guard nearby. The female does most of the incubation, but the male will sit on the nest while she eats. The nest varies from 2-8 rough shelled, pale yellow or creamy/ white eggs which hatch in late June. When the downy, ash-gray chicks emerge... they weigh about 180 g. They are soon able to forage for themselves. Both parents help them find suitable plant food around the peramiters of the nest. The young enter the water soon after hatching. Food for the tundra swans is largely vegetative. Their long necks equip them to reach bulbous roots which they dislodge with their feet from the bottom of the shallow ponds. Occasionally they will feed on farm crops. While wintering on the east coast, they also feed on mollusks and crustaceans. While the flock is feeding one swan stands guard to warn of any approaching danger. To achieve flight, swans face the wind, run along the surface of water for 15 to 20 feet, flap their wings, and beat the water with their feet alternately until they have gained sufficient headway to launch into the air.

Gump’s Musical Box of Chocolates Essay

Project Overview   Audience worldwide was hit by the wisdom of a mentally challenged character named Forrest Gump who lived in America throughout the 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s. Forrest Gump lived a full life despite his mental condition. He participated and became a very special part in the many histories that shaped the nation. As important events surround the main character, he also essentially evolves into a man with his sense of American values intact, unstirred and pure.   At the least, theme of the film revolves around the circumstances found in one’s environment that eventually shapes the citizen but moreso, the movie is about how a most unlikely American citizen was able to help shape his country just by being true to himself. But more than anything else, the movie adaptation of the 1985 novel by Winston Groom sets itself apart as a film inspired by its musical scores. Forest Gump, the movie, was born during the time when Hollywood films were relentlessly doing films in order to sell its soundtracks. At most times, a movie fan would find himself realizing that all the songs used in the movie are packaged in music CDs sold in stores. The more familiar these songs were, the better a young group of audience would enjoy and remember the film, but not the movie Forrest Gump. This paper aims to discuss the history surrounding the film and how it was used to weave the story into a creative fiction that borders the documentary film genre. The paper will choose one scene and proceed with an in depth music analysis of the scene in relation to the whole theme of the movie. And finally, the discourse will point out arguments that make and unmake categorizing this film under fiction or under the documentary genre. History of work surrounding the film   Highlights in America’s history were used in throughout the film so much so that the viewer will realize this pattern a few minutes after the opening of the movie. The screenwriters was able to do this by focusing on the life of Forrest Gump from being a child with braces to becoming a millionaire who just had to send his son to school for the rest of his life. Amongst the highlights of the film worth discourse is Forrest Gump’s joining the Vietnam war without even understanding the whole issues of the war. For some critics looking just above the movie’s thesis, they would be enraged at the idea that the film espouses dumb American college graduates that join in the war are the ones who actually live and become a hero. However, the beauty of the war scenes is the ability of the movie to present the reality of the actual era using music and songs juxtaposed in those scenes. Scene Analysis   The effectiveness of film music lie in its capacity to set a scene to transform itself from the usual to the memorable. Many of the scenes in the movie elaborate on three levels of symbolisms. It’s narrative deals with the life of one man, it’s visuals elaborate on the life of a nation while the music used presented that cultural insights found by the generation as synthesized into a hallmark hit song. The scenes that relate to the interactions of Forrest and Jenny, the girl in Forrest life from childhood to adulthood are the bookmarks of the film. Each meeting is juxtaposed with a popular music very much relevant to the year being shown. The popular music are sung by musicians that topped the charts during their era due to the creativity of their songs to project the general sentiments of the prevailing American Culture. For example, in the scene when Jenny who was at the hippie stage of the flower power culture met Forrest who was at that time was just given a congressional medal by the government for being a hero during the Vietnam war where he was able to save his whole platoon except for his best friend Bubba, met at the national capital. Though they were dressed differently, the two friends had the time of their lives to exchange what happened to them while one was away. This slow movement of two friends circling the D.C. monument was surrounded with the music of The Byrds entitled â€Å"Turn! Turn! Turn! (to Everything There is a Season†. The Byrds was considered a major band in the 1960s that helped bridge the gap between Bob Dylan’s socially conscious folk music and the Beatles’ hybrid pop creations. The Byrds was in the crossroads, much like where Forrest and Jenny were in the scene at the Washington DC monument. The band helped facilitate other rock subgenres such as the folk, space, raga, psychedelic, jangle and country rock. â€Å"Turn! Turn! Turn!† was one of the many markers of the band. The song theme revolved around change that was happening to America in the 60s. So much decision and events were happening causing many things to change including worldview, lifestyles and cultures. In the Washington DC scene, the audience is given a breather to hope for the possibility of Forrest and Jenny to finally be together since Forrest was now a medaled soldier. The music even helped suggest this because the lyrics involved the fact of life where there is a time for everything. â€Å"To everything – turn, turn, turn, there is a season – turn, turn, turn And a time for every purpose under heaven, a time to be born, a time to die A time to plant, a time to reap, a time to kill, a time to heal A time to laugh, a time to weep† The lyrics above prove that the music chosen for this scene carried the deeper subtext of the scene. To illustrate, the Vietnam war was a monumental venue where America had the chance to ‘turn’ and change its worldviews. If it was Jenny being asked to ‘turn’ during the scenes in Washington DC, the scene ended up with Jenny boarding a bus away from Forrest Gump who have just professed his love and wanting to take care of her. Unfortunately, much like war hungry politicians, Jenny still decided not to turn and continue living the American disparate life. With this kind of music use in film format, the success of the scoring lie in its ability to stand strongly at par with the particular scene being performed. â€Å"The deeper reality of film music, the necessity which found body in its lucky accident, involves the way the film tries to evoke a sort of temporary and illusive â€Å"film-subjectivity,† which closely mimics our everyday subjectivity. To do this, the film must rely on tactics far beyond simply spinning a good yarn. The film experience must imitate in some way all three overlapping dimensions of subjective reality: the symbolic, the real and the imaginary. The method by which this is done involves very heavily the use of film music.† (Spande, 2006) For example, the song â€Å"Fortunate Sons† that was used in the Vietnam war scenes was actually a hit during the 60s because it exposed the discrimination of the times. On the scene, Forrest and Bubba becomes good friends despite their differences in race but the subtext of the song used reminded the audience that during that time the discrimination against sending governments officials’ sons to the war was an issue that was never discussed lengthly in the movies.   But using â€Å"Fortunate Sons† is just one of the film’s tactics using music to get the movie theme’s a little deeper into analysis. Argument of the Film’s Genre   The film is definitely a documentary film if the scholar would take the character of Forrest Gump out of every historical scene set up. Since one cannot do that, the film becomes categorized under the ‘mockumentary’ film genre that is also known as fictional documentary or also called as false documentary. When filmmakers would want to project satire and parodies in historical events or real life documentaries, they would opt to use mockumentaries. Gump’s being an artfilm type of mockumentary is done by its creative and effective choice of music that would highlight each scene. Forrest Gump is one of those films where the audience would get to realize that each song played has a purposive element attached to the movie and not merely placed just to make the soundtrack sell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forrest Gump has elements that would tend to mock at historical events established and regarded highly by society. One example to visualize the genre in the film is the scene where Forrest Gump narrates how it just simply rained in Vietnam. Describing the rain borders on the ultimate mockery made on film against the Vietnam war where thousands of American soldiers died just to experience rain coming from all sides of a walking, sleeping or running soldier. Another example would be the juxtaposing Forrest on filmed documentaries where the President of the United States shakes hands with Forrest, not knowing the Vietnam war veteran hero and the Ping-Pong American Champion who conquered China had below average IQ. And the most ingenius mockery at real documentaries is when Forrest Gump is insinuated as part ‘creator’ of Elvis Presley famous rock and roll dance steps and John Lennon’s hit song ‘Imagine’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the movie follows the mock documentary genre, it trail blazes the particular film genre by its crafty juxtaposition of the very effective music. The musical scores of the scenes help the mock documentary be elevated into a higher kind of mock documentary film. What may be trivial onscreen is transformed into an author’s stand on the issue by means of the theme that the particular song is playing. The scene, for scholarly viewers therefore becomes an essay. This effective soundtrack helps the film elevate itself towards being an art film. The fact that producers said that the film did not earn as much proves that Forrest Gump can sit with art films under the mockumentary category. Summary   Forrest Gump is a classic piece of modern art film where it successfully used music, history and a timeless piece of character to present the wisdom in surviving American life during the decades of the 50s throughout the early 80s. The movie did not solely focused on Gump’s being mentally challenged. The movie started with that situation but ended up triumphantly with Gump achieving so much more than a lot other people would be able to do so. And he did that by just remaining as true to himself. Just like all the music used throughout the film, these cuts all came from hit albums of the composers who have achieved leadership not only in the song charts during their time. These songs and their composers have essentially becomes historical bookmarks, elements of change, transformation agents of history in both their fields and in American society. References: Forrest Gump. DVD. 1994 Spande, Robert. 2006. Three Regimes: A Theory of Film Music [http://web.archive.org/web/20031208182300/http://www.franklinmarketplace.com/filmmusic.html]

King Lear Final Paper Essay

1. The theme of this play is the relationship between parents and children. Show how Shakespeare handled this. As how Shakespeare portrayed the parent-child relationship, he diverted it in aspects of how their ruler, King Lear, was mistreated by his own children after his authority had been stripped from him. King Lear, as what took place in the play, divided his land among his three children depending on how they would be able to please him. As was not predicted by the king himself, his most beloved daughter wanted to answer him fairly for the reason that she did not want to inherit a part of his kingdom unjustly. On the other hand, the two remaining daughters of his only wanted his land, and therefore flooded the king’s ears with lies. The two villainous daughters of the king represent the children who mistreat their parents when they are not of any use to them anymore. So the ungrateful children banish their father to fend for his own while they yearn for more power. Furthe rmore, the youngest daughter of the king said the truth to her father, although it would hurt him, for the reasons that she respected her father enough to tell him the painful truth. In modern times, people call it â€Å"tough love†. Her honesty did get her banished from the land, but it is evident in the play that the daughter did not love him less for his foolishness and bitter actions afterwards. 2. Discuss the importance of the storm scenes.  The storm in the play represented the lowest points of King Lear’s life. When the king was mistreated by his two daughters, Goneril and Reagan, and shun by them, he was left out in the storm without shelter along with his fool. This scene in the play also represented his vulnerability because he had no one to run to. Luckily, Kent found him and took him in. He was willing to be taken in and cared for by his servant, since he had no power to say that he still had authority over Kent. Furthermore, the storm also represented his current state of mind and his emotions. Since he had lost all of what was his before, his mind was starting to become cloudy and his feelings were out of control. 3. Do you agree that Lear was â€Å"more sinned against than sinning†? Yes I agree that King Lear had paid more than enough for the sin he had committed against his daughter. The king only banished his most loving daughter, while he, himself, was banished by his two other ungrateful  daughters. I had once stumbled across a quote that said, â€Å"Karma hits twice as hard as the initial blow.† This is exactly what happened to the king. For the price of banishing his youngest daughter, the deed was returned twice the initial blow because it was done to him by his two elder daughters, Goneril and Reagan. 4. â€Å"This is not altogether fool, my lord.† Discuss the function of the fool in the light of the remark. This statement was released by Kent in Act 1, Scene 4, as to support what the fool was pointing out during his conversation with the king. The fool was the only one who’s criticism the king would listen to. In this conversation, the fool is trying to put some sense into the king’s head that he had turned away from everything that should have mattered to him the most, which was his beloved daughter, Cordelia, and the land he once ruled. Those decisions led him to lose the title of being a father and a ruler, which left him with a single title of which is only owned by a fool. As a result, this only made the king a bigger fool than the fool himself because at least the fool knew better than the king. 5. The language of poetry is a metaphor. Do you agree? Cite examples from King Lear. Yes, I agree that poetry is made up of metaphors as a form of expression. The use of exaggeration in a text gives emphasis, entertainment, and imagination, to the readers. Shakespeare used the metaphoric figure of speech throughout this particular work of his. One instance would be when the king described his two daughters as pelicans in the line, â€Å"’Twas this flesh begot. Those pelican daughters.†(Shakespeare, 141). This line signifies that the king described his daughters as animals, which is vile and cruel. Another example in the play was when the king compared himself as to how a dragon would rage seen in the line, â€Å"Come not between the dragon and his wrath.† (Shakespeare, 15). This sends the message to Kent that he should not enrage the monster that he already was any further.

The Pros and Cons of Modeling

It is undeniable that, modeling has become one of the most sought after career options for many youngsters as it is one of the most thrilling and lucrative profession. The tremendous changes taking place in the fashion industry have given a spurt of rise to the modeling jobs all over the world. Especially in today's world where fashion industry is succeeding and had made modeling an attractive career. This modeling can be classified into ramp modeling, television modeling and print modeling. As all of us knew, models are used to launch and promote a variety of branded products or show a garment to its best advantage. For instance, the image in the picture shows that models are used to advertise the Guess brand which is an America's clothing line brand. Models are required to appear sexy and seductive to make the brand popular. Hence; it is proven that models had played huge role in the success of Guess brand as well as other brands. But moving closer, have ever wondered how a life of a model would be? To start off with, there are several advantages of being a model. Whereby, fame and fortune can be gained easily. Especially, Models with pleasant personality and the right attitude or in other word, appealing intellectual qualities will be very well known in a short period of time in the modeling career. To explain further, ramp models gets the chance to work for famous designers or for reputated fashion companies will be known internationally. For example, Katrina Kaif a famous ex model and currently a Bollywood star started of her career as a model. Whereby she started modeling in the age of 14 in London by walking in the ramp with some top designers of the country. Since then, she is very successful and known worldwide for her appealing personality. In addition, if one signs with a reputable agency, he or she can make a good income. Normally a model is paid well if the first shoot succeeds. Besides wearing fabulous designers clothes, shoes and accessories for free they tend to live a luxurious life . For example, they tend to buy fancy cars, expensive clothes and mansions. This can be proven by the world's richest model; Gisele Bundchen that earns 33 million in a year, followed by Kate moss 9 million and Heidi Clum 8 million. For instance, Gisele Budchen currently stays in her mansion that is 20 million dollar. Undoubtedly, modeling a glamorous field also offers tremendous opportunities to travel and meet various class of people as it a part of their job. Models will get the opportunity to stay in exotic locations and even live abroad. They also get to shoot in beautiful locations in exotic places like Africa desserts, the North Pole, Australia and around the globe. They will also be placed with other models for several weeks, months or even as long as a year. which eventually increase their sociality level and get to know people from all walks of life. Basically,their assignments provide a diverse social life and opportunity to meet others from around the world. It is also believed that through modeling, one could gain and boost confidence . To explain further, even models themselves have admitted that seeing finished photos of them within the covers of a magazine is an incredible experience. By modeling, one's glamour aspect also tends to increase especially when there is professional shoot. Moreover, they will have to communicate and cooperate with photographers, art director and crew during shoots that eventually increases their self esteem. To prove, one of the top model in the world, Miranda Ker has become famous when she started of her career in the age of 13 for lingerie's. Since then her confidence boost. In other word, she was more confident in modeling for lingerie's that made her famous. She was also paid well for her standard body shape with sexy body measurement and brilliant face structure. However, there also a lot of negatives associated with this profession. Firstly, there are many model line agencies that take every cent of you. They just prey on the dreams of young girls in order to be rich and victims left with nothing. Worst still when porn agencies present themselves as legitimate modeling business. They sign girls up and then slowly brainwash them into thinking they have to be sexy to make it. Over time they use peer pressure to convince the girls that nudity is a part of the business and that this is the easy way to make lots of money. Of course there is nothing ‘easy' about a life involved with porn. Not to mention, porn is not modeling. With this model loses their dignity for the sake of money. There are also high chances of involving in unwanted relationship and lead to pre-marriage pregnancy. Especially, young models will abort and involve in scandals. Unwanted tapes are often released without consent of their subject and could potentially damage careers. For instance, the latest issues faced by the top model of world, Adriana Lima. Her sex tapes were widely spread. Some even mentioned that this occurred without her consent. Another dark side of modeling business is the rampant drug use. Models are given and have free access to all manner of illicit substances. Sometimes these are used to keep weight off. Sometimes they are used to stay awake and alert for shoots or shows that occur at all times of the day and night. Sometimes it is the social pressure to party and fit in that causes young models to try these damaging narcotics. The official party line from the industry is that this kind of behavior is not tolerated. However, models who are currently working within this business consistently tell a different story. Most crucial thing, eventhough a model's health condition is bad, there is no health coverage. For example the famous, British supermodel Kate Moss consumed alcohol and was a drug addict (cocaine addiction) and often checks into rehabilitation centers. Due to this revelation it had ruined all the reputation that she has earned all this while. Even when she was in critical condition, her modeling company didn't pay the medical expenses. Moreover, models will undergo emotional and physical pressures to maintain certain body types. In some critical conditions it can lead to anorexia. Most of the models are always obsessed with weight and very concern with their daily diets. As we knew, models are literally skinny and their bodies fading away to nothing. And it is not just the perception of the models but also the industry as a whole, which encourages destructive behavior. The problem is only the models get hurt and is suffering from huge amount of stress while some even dies in the name of â€Å"thin†. Recently, however, countries and organizations around the globe have started to take steps to change this attitude and actually ban the use of paper thin models. For example, Ana Carolina Reston a Brazilian model, who was 172cm tall and only weighed 40kg starved herself to death in 2006. She starved herself this much as she was one step nearer to her dream of becoming a supermodel. However,on 14 November last year she finally crossed over from being a successful catwalk model to appearing on the cover of every magazine and newspaper in Brazil, and making headlines around the globe. Not for her modeling, but for her agonizing death, due to anorexia. Besides all this, models will also feel pressured when they are forced to give certain poses with different gender together which will create uneasiness or comfortless. Especially, if the photographer prefers a nude poss. This would extremely be a challenge. It is also shown in the image provided that, both models are loving . But how sure are we that in reality they are in that way? The female might go through some pressure in holding the male's hand and seeing him half nude. Besides all this, models also face constant criticism and rejection when they attend fittings and this often requires a lot of stamina and patience. Tough competition throughout the career is also another difficulties faced in modeling field. Models will loss the freedom and have to continuously work hard to meet the demands of market. As all of us knew, modeling is an extremely competitive and ruthless business. You will need a thick skin and inner assurance that these negatives are not personal, but rather just the nature of the business. The phase you will have to go through to get to the top can be rather demanding but certainly not unachievable. You must expect to work hard and put in the time and effort both physically and mentally to achieve your goals. The rewards of reaching these goals far outweigh the struggle of reaching them. In short it can be said that modeling is highly competitive and short lived career or even a model is too old at the age of 24. In brief, Modeling can certainly be a rewarding experience in many ways. As long as you avoid the darker side to this profession and insist on putting your personal values first (before profit) then you can enjoy quite an interesting career path. It is a job where the hard work pays. Models should have the patience for long hours of work, jet lag, heavy makeup, weird haircuts and standing forever in awkward poses. In this field, it's really hard to make a living as there is only a handful of supermodels in the world who make good living off what they do.

Week4-4dq4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week4-4dq4 - Essay Example There are different schools of thought on the subject. Some people feel that Open Source is actually much more dependable than conventional software, in that with more developers involved in it, there is a better chance for more perfect software. However, Gacek (2004) reports that is a fallacy and stereotype in of itself. In addition, she argues that another perceived problem is most Open Source is conceived by some hacker and it was usually mostly available for generally unpopular platforms such as Linux. The truth is, even at the time of her writing, only six years after Open Source came to be, many businesses actually employ software people to develop OS code. Moreover, since the paper, Windows based OS has overtaken Linux. One would probably say Microsoft has a vested interest in keeping Open Source off the software market. So it was interesting that one of the company’s chief engineers gave an interview with the BBC in 2006 (Marson), in which he stated that although OS has its place in society, most people consider the products substandard as compared to commercial software such as his company’s products. One of the most popular and prolific OS products today is Mozilla’s Firefox browser, a direct competitor to Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, with Google’s Chrome. In a side by side comparison of the two (Smith 2011), Firefox won handily in Appearance, Interface and Add ons. For the other categories, such as reliability, performance and industry standard IE and Firefox tied. IE did not win in any category. Therefore, it appears that the engineer’s remarks are wrong and today OS can be as dependable as commercial. As with any other venture, software projects have myriad of risks associated with them. Done right and the project team will be the darling of the company. However, if they fail, not only is it embarrassing but said failure could very well result in career loss. So for the purposes of

Underachievement in gifted and talented children Essay - 1

Underachievement in gifted and talented children - Essay Example s that relate to academic motivation and the special needs that may correlate to students’ challenges that may be inconspicuous to many classroom educators. In this regard, this paper aims at forming a critical analysis of the factors that underlie underachievement in talented students with a view of presenting some precise interventions to address the issue. Underachievement can be defined as the demonstration of a severe discrepancy between the anticipated achievements or results and the actual achievements in talented or gifted children or students. In this regard, the expected results are measured by intellectual or cognitive ability evaluations or some standardized achievement test scores. On the other hand, the actual results are measured by teacher evaluations or class scores in the classroom set-up. In order for a child to be regarded as an underachiever, the difference between the projected and the observed accomplishment need not be the unswerving outcome of an identified learning infirmity. Therefore, talented underachievers often exhibit superior scores on assessments of expected achievement (Mc Coach, 2000: p. 157). Majority of the recent research studies that have investigated the characteristics of underachieving children have placed much focus on the clinical, qualitative, and single-subject research methodology. The studies, such as Sousa (2009), Cassady (2010), and Callahan and Davis (2012), have documented several causes of underachievement in gifted children. According to these studies, the most common factors associated with underachievement in talented children include the following; The determination on why some high potential students exhibit low levels of achievement is often challenging since underachievement is precipitated by varying reasons (Callahan, & Davis, 2012). Nevertheless, practitioners and scholars have to explore the causes of underachievement in order o come with succinct solutions. Firstly, it is important to understand

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example There has been drastic increase in the online shopping all over the world due to several reasons. Owing to the increasing online buying and shopping trends it has become important to analyse and evaluate consumer behaviour of the online shoppers along with the buying and purchase decision process of these online buyers. This in turn will allow the marketers to come up with effective and efficient strategies to attract this particular subculture. The aim of this study would be to analyse the consumer buying behaviour of the online shoppers and the factors that lead to such behaviour. In order to evaluate the buying behaviour of the online shoppers, consumer choice would be evaluated in particular. This will help in identifying the influence of consumer choice on the buying behaviour of online shoppers and buyers. In addition, the buying behaviour of the consumers in the online shopping industry will also be assessed along with the factors that lead to such modern shopping means. SUBCU LTURES OF CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Different researchers have defined consumer behaviour as the activities performed by individuals or groups that eventually lead to decisions or actions (Pachauri, 2002). The decisions that are made by individuals or groups include purchase, use and disposal of goods and services (Desmond, 2003). On the other hand, the concept of consumer behaviour is defined as the particular way in which an individual acts when consuming or disposing products (O’Dougherty, Haynes, Davies & O’Connor, 2007). Solomon (1995) describes consumer buying behaviour as a process aimed to satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer due to which the consumer makes certain decisions associated with the selection, purchase, use and disposal of products, services and experience. The concept of consumer behaviour is quite vast as each individual in the society and community has a unique behaviour according to which the person acts. The aim behind su ch actions and decisions made by the individuals or groups is to satisfy the needs and wants which could be done with the selection, purchase and disposal of the products and services (Schiffman, Kanuk, and Hansen, 2011). With advancement in technology, consumers are constantly changing their buying behaviour. This can be observed when the consumer shifted from the traditional buying methods to more modern online buying (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg, 2010). In order to identify the consumer buying behaviour, stimulus-behaviour model and buying process model are frequently used (Evans, Jamal, and Foxall, 2009). The stimulus-behaviour model proposed that internal and external stimuli play an essential role in influencing buyer’s behaviour. Marketing mix (i.e. product, price, place and promotion) and external model (i.e. economic, technological, political and cultural stimuli) can influence the consumer’s buying decision in terms of product, brand, time and amoun t. On the other hand, the buying process model includes 5 core steps taken by the individual to satisfy the needs and wants (Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel, 2006). The steps include recognition of need, information search, and alternative available in the market, purchasing and post-purchase decisions (Hawkins & Mothersbaugh, 2009). The steps involved in the consumer purchase or buying process are given in the image below: (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004) These theories of consumer buying b