Classical vs. Keynsian Economics Essay Example for Free

Old style versus Keynsian Economics Essay There are a few huge elements that separate Classical from Keynesian financial aspects. Traditional financial matters remains consistent with the free enterprise idea of no administration intervention in organizations with the presumption that the economy will work itself out. Keynesian financial matters, then again, spins around shortfall spending and the conviction that basically â€Å"in the since quite a while ago run, we’re all going to die†. The two schools of financial matters take an alternate position on the conduct of buyers, monetary arrangement, and government spending. Traditional financial specialists, basically, screen what is at present coming to pass in the economy. They accept that the economy is steady and self-supporting on the grounds that over the long haul, the market apparently naturally changes with â€Å"booms† and â€Å"busts†. This standard is vigorously impacted by the age of industrialization †during and after. In a Classical financial model, business analysts assent individuals’ activities and wants, in this way permitting costs to vary dependent on that individuals’ needs. Say’s Law elucidates this marvel by saying that flexibly makes its own interest and in result, the economy is animated when more products are created. Moreover, Classicalists don't act with financial approaches and firmly accept the thought that administration spending obstructs a nation’s monetary development Keynesian market analysts accept that the legislature is blemished and can't continue itself so government intercession isn't just advantageous, yet in addition essential to intercede the economy. Their position on monetary strategy is to either contract or extend the economy with explicit apparatuses relying upon the hole in the economy. In a Keynesian financial model, market analysts depend on government spending to kick off an economy on the off chance that it was hauled down into a downturn. When there is an absence of development, the legislature ought to animate interest. By and by, I would concur with Classical financial matters, yet with all the presumptions present it is almost difficult to favor them. The greater part of the suspicions are false and are fundamental to precisely discover an answer for monetary issues. For example, President Ronald Reagan was enthusiastic about theâ theory of hands-off business, yet he looted the country into the most extraordinary shortage; more than the entirety of his forerunners joined. Not having government intercession is almost outlandish since there is consistently a need to intercede the economy. I would side more with Keynesian financial matters since there is quite often a down to earth answer for an issue. As it were, it resembles a calculation: you need such a great amount to get the ideal yield. For example, in the Great Depression of 2008, the administration effectively utilized expansionary financial approach to help the economy. Government spending was immensely expanded, just as charges. Our economy was step by step cured by the strategies that were established upon, consequently my purpose behind favoring Keynesian financial aspects.

Development of Railways and it's impact on the society Essay

Advancement of Railways and it's effect on the general public - Essay Example 1). This paper examines the variables causing the development of railroads in Europe and its effect on the general public. The introduction of railroads occurred in the year 1767 when the iron rails were laid unexpectedly at Coalbrookdale. The early railroads were utilized in the French Wars that were done somewhere in the range of 1790s and 1800s. At Pen-y-Darren, in the year 1804, the Trevithick’s Wylam train was utilized which was one of the principal types of railroad. After four years at Euston, the Trevithick’s Catch-me-who-can was utilized. The Blenkinsops rack train and the Hedleys Puffing Billy were presented progressively in the years 1812 and 1813 separately. The Stephenson’s Blocher was utilized in 1815. Stephenson made the Stockton to Darlington railroad line that was 27 miles of 4 8â ½ track in the length was opened in the year 1825 (historyhome.co.uk, 2011). The main travelers were conveyed by the Locomotion 1. Joseph Hall in 1825 built up the Cort’s puddling process just as the moving procedure. Coke was supplanted by coal with the hot impact technique proposed by Neilson in 1828. The 30 miles in length railroad line driving from Manchester to Liverpool was started in the year 1830. In 1833, a railroad line for the transportation of coal was begun from Liecester to Swanington. Daniel Gooch built the task of the London †Bristol line development. The Isambard Kingdom Brunel embraced this undertaking in 1835. This denoted the start of the Great Western Railway that was totally level over a length of 85 miles. The London - Bath †Briston railroad line and the Birmingham to London railroad line were begun in 1838. Till the year 1838, the complete length of railroad lines that had been made was 500 miles. In simply a question of ten years till 1848 the development of the railroad turned out to be widespread to the point that the complete length of rail line lines expanded from 50 0 miles to 5000 miles. â€Å"The

Business is Booming

Business is Booming Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Business is BoomingUpdated On 05/04/2017Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://bit.ly/2oznTDm CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOnce the internet became a fixed part of everyday life, you would have thought that the gambling industry would take advantage of the opportunity that sports betting offers but in fact, it took quite some time before some of the sites created mobile betting apps for tablets and smart phones. People have started to make use of online business to grow their offline business, you can take Handyman Orlando for example, who provide home repair service.This was because the actual legality was in question as anyone could use such an app even if they were in a jurisdiction where sports betting was mainly legal, but once all of the details were sorted out, betting using mobile devices soon became available and widely enjoyed by the general public.The original apps were only available through Google Play for Android devices but in 2014 Google banned sports betting apps whereas Apple included such apps in the Apple Store (as long as they cost customers nothing to install.) The whole reason behind this change of heart from Google Play is that it was too simple for anyone to download their apps even if they were living in a place where online gambling was not permitted by law, although when you download something with Apple Store you are tied to the specific app store that is legal for your country of residence. This makes the illegal use of the app far more difficult in jurisdictions where online gambling is not permitted.If you are one of the many people who visit an online casino like Jackpot City and have experienced the quality of play now available it soon becomes apparent why there has been a mobile revolution as far as the gambling industry goes. Online casinos have gone far to make the customer experience a tr uly entertaining one providing sites that are incredibly immersive and user-friendly. Of course, there are those welcome bonuses and other promotional offers to take advantage of and all of this is in a safe and secure environment that only enhances any game play.READUpdate Your Online Content: Best Ways to Do ItSports betting is tailor made for those players who want to place a bet on a sporting event and has been around since the colonists of the US were known to gamble on fight matches, cock fights and horse racing. The UK also has a long tradition of placing a bet so taking that love across the pond comes as no surprise.It’s widely acknowledged that betting takes place on almost all of the professional games with sports betting being a simple way to do just that. Sports betting from your mobile allows you to place your choice from a place that is convenient to you, and in an attempt to make their sports betting websites the one you choose, the online bookmakers are constant ly adding new betting options and markets to their sportsbooks. Understanding the terms of sports betting can be a little daunting when you first look at it with terms like scorecast betting causing some confusion, but there is help out there, so don’t let this put you off. In fact, there are betting glossaries where you can find frequently used terms explained in plain English, which is always welcomed!This form of placing a bet on the go has proven to be a very popular pastime and is now as widely used as the traditional method of dropping into the bookies on the high street, and as mobile technology advances, so the experience of placing a bet on your mobile devices become even more immersive and thus more entertaining.

The Underground Railroad And The Civil War - 1709 Words

The Underground Railroad was a passage to freedom for the slaves which made the slave-owners exasperate. The slaves had to risk their lives while travelling to the northern states but it was worth it as the result of such hard work was freedom. The underground railroad, a secret network running from the Deep South through the free states and to the Canadian border that helped slaves escape from the slave-holding states before the Civil War, allowed abolitionists and their allies to help runaway slaves, made conductors like Harriet Tubman famous, and reached its height after the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. Underground Railroad was a labyrinth of secret routes and havens inaugurated by both black and white abolitionists,†¦show more content†¦The fugitive slaves had to go through a long a perilous journey to reach their freedom while traveling along the Underground Railroad. In a very short time, the fugitive slaves had to travel great distances usually on foot, boats or trains were used very infrequently. They had to put their life on a stake while escaping as they had no or very diminutive amount of food and no protection from the slave catchers chasing them. The fugitive slaves were pursued by the slave owners as well as other men. The slave owners used to publish reward posters offering payment for the capture of their property to entice others to assist in the capture of their slaves. The fugitives would get severely punished if they were apprehended. Their punishment for running away was to be branded, flogged, jailed, killed and even sold back into slavery. The Undergroun d Railroad was successful because the slave owners had no clue about the routes and even no one from the system knew the entire routes. Each conductor was responsible for leading the slaves from one station to the following and then the next conductor would lead them to the next station. This would continue until the whole route was traversed. The integrity of the routes as well as the fugitive slavesShow MoreRelatedThe Underground Railroad And Its Influence On The Civil War1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad. A revolutionary event taking place during the civil war, it was an informal network of sympathetic whites in violation of the Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 to help enslaved African s escape secretly in order to gain freedom in Northern States or Canada. This research paper will examine the movement of the Underground Railroad by reviewing primary and secondary sources available to successfully describe several sentim ents regardingRead MoreThe Underground Railroad And The American Civil War1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American Civil War (1861 – 1865). On January 1, 1863, four million slaves were freed when President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. However, the road to freedom for many slaves was long and brutal. Countless African American slaves were tortured and terrorized and many lost their lives. In the early 1800s, a secret network of routes and safe houses was established to help fugitive slaves reach freedom. This system became known as the Underground Railroad and spannedRead MoreThe Underground Railroad s Working Against Slavery During The Civil War2260 Words   |  10 Pagesinvestigate the Underground Railroad’s work to resist against slavery during the Civil War. The author will collaborate on the dealings of people who were leaders of the Underground Railroad, U.S. political stance on slavery, and the actions that were carried out for the cause of freedom. The authors main focus of the paper will be centered on operations of the Underground Railroad, members involved, struggles they went through to free enslaved people. The writer will go into detail of the Underground RailroadRead MoreUnderground Railroad Essay Outline1333 Words   |  6 PagesTHE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 1 The Underground Railroad Raymond Allen Setlock West Catholic High School THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 2 Our country’s history had its good times and also its bad times. One of our bad times in our country’s history was the time when the United States allowed slavery toRead MoreTaking A Stand Against Slavery1228 Words   |  5 Pagesdeterminations. The Underground Railroad had its earliest beginnings with runaway slaves fleeing from the the Southern United States into Canada. By confronting human bondage without direct demands or violence, The Underground Railroad played a definite role in the destruction of slavery. The Underground Railroad was a great way to escape the hardships of their living conditions. It gave them hope, inspiration, and strength. It was also a major impact on the CIvil War. The Underground Railroad consisted ofRead MoreUnderground Railroad And West Virginia1318 Words   |  6 PagesUnderground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia For this critical review, I chose Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia by William J. Switala. The purpose of this book was to explain exactly what the underground railroad was, how the slaves communicated with safe places, how it operated, and a few stories of how some of the slaves escaped away to the underground railroad and freedom. He also gives insight to what happened if the slaves were caught trying toRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1097 Words   |  5 Pagesnurse, and a caregiver. However her greatest achievement was working in the Underground Railroad. One of the many achievements of Harriet Tubman is her work as a spy during the Civil War. â€Å"There she headed up a team of eight black spies to operate behind the lines and provide intelligence for a Union raid of free slaves...I kept on singing until we brought all aboard. We got 800 people that day, and we tore up the railroad and fired the bridge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. C) Harriet Tubman went over enemy line to helpRead MoreThe Civil War : Opposing Slavery1139 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the Civil War: Opposing Slavery â€Å"By 1860, the South contained more slaves than all the other slave societies in the New World combined’ (Roark, 331). Slavery was the backbone of the American Southern states’ economy, a highly controversial topic, and eventually the cause of the American Civil war. Even before the Civil War, there were many American groups who opposed slavery. In the early 19th century there were several forces that opposed slavery, both in the North and the South, they usedRead MoreEssay about The Underground Railroad1092 Words   |  5 Pageseverything changed. Slavery became more and more prominent and by the time of the Civil War, it was estimated that over 4 million slaves were working in the South. Slaves were treated worse than the dogs of their owners. They were given little to eat and tiny shacks to live in. If they disobeyed, they were beaten. For these reasons, many slaves decided to risk their lives and run away in search of freedom. The Underground Railroad was formed in 1810 and more than 100,000 slaves escaped between 1810 andRead MoreEssay about An Inside Look at the American Civil War999 Words   |  4 PagesA civil war is a war between citizens of the same country. From 1861 to 1865, America was fighting its own civil war. The American Civil War began when several Southern slave states declared their secession. When they seceded, they formed the Confederate States of America which was also known as the confederacy. The states remaining were known as the Union. Before the Civil War, slaves were treated unfairly, like property, rather than people. One court case that proves this is the 1857 court case

The Civil Rights And Women s Movement Essay - 1542 Words

The idea of peacekeeping and the maintaining of order began centuries ago. However, long ago women were not involved in this. As women did enter within 20th century their role was limited. As time passes, change takes place. During the 60’s and 70’s the Civil Rights and Women’s Movement were key in changing laws. Around this time women were beginning to obtain the same duties as male officers and studies were being done on those in the police force. Many male officers believed women were too emotional and/or incapable of doing an officers duties, as is an excuse for a woman president. However, studies proved different. Even with the studies, and the fact that years have passed, within the 80’s and 90’s there have been lawsuits and files of harassment in San Francisco, New York, Detroit, and Michigan to name a few. If that is not enough women often stuffer defeminization, from male officers that somehow try to neutralize the fact that women are women . Not more than two years ago, I listened to three minority female officers conversing on the difficulties of being a female officer. Though women have been accepted into police force, it has been a very slow and difficult process. What follows is a brief chronology of their struggle to become assimilated into and become an important part NYC’s â€Å"finest† – the N.Y.P.D. Introduction The History There is no denying that women have been great leaders in history – from Helen of Troy and Celopatra to Queen Elizabeth andShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of The Civil Rights Movement1619 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed Equal Rights Amendment, feminists of the 1960s and 70s rallied once again for this change in the Constitution. The amendment, simply stating that, â€Å"Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex,† quickly gained popularity among activists in the 1970s. This support was not surprising, as this decade was a time of great change and protest. Feminist felt that just as African Americans were gaining civil rights, women, too, should beRead MoreEssay on Civil Rights Movement and Women ´s Right1013 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact Throughout the years, minority groups have fought for rights and equal treatment. Some of those have impacted history. Women’s rights as well as the Civil rights movements have impacted history and society as a whole. Colored people are no longer suffering of racism. And women have gotten more rights, just like men. Even after all those years have passed, 1969-2000, new groups arise and are fighting for their own rights and equality. It shows how society keeps changing and the impactRead MoreWomen s Role During The Civil Rights Movement1272 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s status has changed dramatically over the years in the U.S. When the nation was first established, women had no rights. They were not even considered legal citizens until 1868. Their role was being â€Å"in the home,† also known as cooking, cleaning, etc. They had absolutely no power. Women have fought for everything they have achieved in the past and continue to fight today for gender equali ty. The 1970s were the main part of the women’s revolution; Title IX was born. Before this was madeRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pagescolonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happened early in the 1940’s as approximately two million AfricanRead MoreAfrican American Women During The Civil Rights Era942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Er a, which took place during the years of 1955 till 1968, was indeed the movement that gave African Americans the push to achieve their first major accomplishments of the decade. The Civil Rights Movements goals were to break down the walls of legal segregation in public places, achieve equality and justice for African Americans, and to help make African Americans become more self-conscious when standing for all their interest. This movement not only benefited men, but it also benefitedRead MorePublic Opinion on Gender Issues: Human Rights, American Civil Rights, and Feminist Movements1328 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Movements that Significantly Affected Public Opinion on Gender Issues: Human Rights, American Civil Rights, and Feminist Movements The development of social movements in the course of human history has led to unprecedented changes that challenged the not only the status quo, but most importantly, the worldviews of societies as well. Social movements have sprung to create a new world order that defined human societies as they exist today. It is not surprising, then, that social movements likeRead MoreThe 1960’s: Decade of Disillusionment992 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1960’s and early 1970’s were a time that eternally changed the culture and humanity of America. It was a time widely known for peace and love when in reality; many minorities were struggling to gain a modicum of equality and freedom. It was a time, in which a younger generation rebelled against the conventional norms, questioning power and government, and insisting on more freedoms for minorities. In addition, an enormous movement began rising in opposition to the Vietnam War. It was a time ofRead MoreThe 1950s and 1960s: A Time o f Great Changes Shaping the America We Have Today1006 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people think of the 1950’s or 1960’s, they think of Elvis, Greasers, jukeboxes, Woodstock, and rainbow peace signs and hippie love. Although these symbols are somewhat accurate (and very popular), not many people think about the changes society and culture went through. The 1950’s and 60’s were a time of great change and freedom for many Americans. Everything from World War II, to the gay liberation movement, to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to change society. Many of the viewsRead MoreThe Feminist Movement1137 Words   |  5 Pagesalways been a common belief that women exist inferior to men. The Bible demonstrates that God made the first woman Eve from the rib of Adam and God â€Å"[does] not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet† (1 Timothy 2:11-15). However, understanding their important role in t he family and society and feeling tired of being undertreated by men, women finally stood up for themselves. In the 19th century, the Feminist Movement emerged and completely changed

Negative Effect of Globalization in the Philippine Economy

Adverse Effect of Globalization in the Philippine Economy Introduction The thrive of globalization has opened gates for economies both nationally and globally. The last three decades saw many governments acquiring the systems of free markets, thereby, maximizing their own potential and opportunities for international business as well as investment. Whats more, as a result of globalization governments all over the world worked towards the elimination of limitations to business and trade of goods and services across the world. With these new opportunities having hit the global economies so hard, industries took advantage by constructing new business corporations in foreign markets with their associates. This gave international†¦show more content†¦Well, yes and no. Because its complexity makes it a â€Å"wicked problem† (a notion proposed by Rittel and Webber1, two Berkeley professors, in 1973), characterized by having multiple causes, being parameter resistant, and generally insoluble; with solutions spawning other problems. 21st century globalizations success hinges on the taut, â€Å"just-in- time † condition of modern supply lines, and actual or artificial shortages now cause Tsunamis, not ripples. It is one origin of globalizations â€Å"wicked† condition. Take the oil situation. As the United Statess currency depreciation reorients their economy towards globalization, Oil prices will rise despite constant output. Because although oil is dollar denominated, producers incur costs in a basket of currencies. The weak dollar therefore necessitates an price increase to maintain equivalent output. But others maintain that oil prices are pushing the dollar down. Previous revenues were kept in the formerly strong dollar, letting them import more from Europe than America. The weakening dollar encouraged them to transfer to Euro. Businessmen now predict oil prices using the US dollar - Euro exchange, which has mimicked the commoditys movements since 20052, suggesting a direct correlation. Either imply a worsening globalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Stiglitz A Recipient Of The Nobel Prize Economics, And Andrew Charlton930 Words   |  4 Pagesto theoretical applications, the book elaborates on the proposal, which is fair trade, and how it can initiate development in a country. Besides providing a holistic and substantive perspective on fair trade, the book also expounds on the effects of globalization on world trade and the development of third world countries. The book is useful to the study, as it will provide a clearer and better understanding of fair trade and support the arguments in the study. The main limitation of the study isRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization on the Phillipines and India Essay2038 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Globalization on the Philippines and India Lloyd Wood In this paper the author will briefly look at the globalization of two nations, the Philippines and India. We will look at each country before globalization, the turning point where globalization began for each nation, and finally the effects of globalization on each country. This writer believes it can be successfully argued that the globalization of each country has improved the overall standard of living in eachRead More A Truly Global World Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagescourse, the technological world is not the only realm influenced by the sphere of globalization. Today, the term globalization engenders economic interdependence, the political structure, rapid transit, and wide scale communication. Still, localization is a formidable presence, and it must be recognized as such. Obviously, there are definite costs and benefits to both lines of thinking. According to Rosenau, globalization is boundary-broadening, a term used to illustrate the spread of goods, peopleRead MoreIndian Bpos- Waking Up the Philippines Opportunity1435 Words   |  6 PagesIndian BPOs- Waking up the Philippines Opportunity Analysis The Indian labor market has always been key in globalization, and has been attractive due to its low wages, and the scientific and managerial talent found in the country. The main issues faced in this case mostly stem from the loss of the tax abatement in India, in addition to the weakening US dollar. Due to these two issues, doing business in India versus other fruitful options like Philippines becomes very expensive. These are majorRead MoreGlobalization and the Destruction of the Philippines2113 Words   |  9 Pages1995, the Philippines joined the globalized trade, and since then Philippines lost its rich culture and land, economic globalization had a colossal negative impact to the nation. The Philippines is in an upheaval, as economic growth from globalization has caused an immense social gap and distress in the nation’s health system. One can argue that economically, it is flourishing due to foreign currency remittance, but the Philippines still lags behind its Sou theast Asian neighbours. Effect of earlyRead MoreOver the last couple of years, the world has become increasingly globalized. After the cold war,900 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of globalization. The effect of globalization is uneven in different parts of the world and globalization suggests a world full of persistent cultural interaction and exchange, contacts and connection, mixture and movement. Different people view globalization in different ways. Some people feel it has done more good than harm, while others believe it has done more harm than good. This essay will give a deep intuitive understanding of globalization, world systems, and how globalization has affectedRead MoreThe Deviant Globalization From Gilman s Perspective1422 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a developmental process of transnational integration, which mainly reflects on the economic aspect. The moral standards and legal systems in different regions are changing differently along with the progress of the society. However, when mentioned globalization, people mostly refer to mainstream globalization. Deviant globalization- the rebarbative dark side of the global economy- is ignored constantly. There is a distinctive evaluation from Nils Gilman- deviant globalization isRead MoreGlobalization: Human Migration3737 Words   |  15 PagesThe Philippines: Globalization and Migration By Anny Misa Hefti Globalization is synonymous to the phenomenon of acceleration. For the past 25 years rapid changes have affected political, economic and social developments. Acceleration is seen in vast technological changes, media revolution, global economic integration and massive changes in production systems and labour markets. All these rapid increases in transnational flow of capital, trade and technology have marked its effects on internationalRead MoreGlobalisation in the Global South Social Policy1500 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalisation in the Global South Social Policy The recurrent issues on the real effects of globalization to the creation of social policies in Global South countries continue to fuel various debates in political, sociological and economic arena, as its influence in the social sector grows extensively. These issues provoke attacks claiming that globalisation only protects the welfare of Western countries and continue to take advantage of those in the Global South. It is almost always thought toRead MoreThe World System Theory And Developmental Studies1442 Words   |  6 PagesForces of globalization are real and their influences are felt everywhere. It entails free trade, free mobility of both financial and real capital, and rapid diffusion of products, technologies, and information and consumption patterns. As indicated in the 1999 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, in the age of globalization, Governments’ policy choices have shifted in favor of openness of trade and financial flow. Policies calling for lighter regulation of industry, privatization

Case Study of Djøf-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignementhelp.com

Questions: 1.Briefly describe the Organisation. What is the Ownership? What goods or services are provided? What is the recent Financial Performance? What is the mission, strategies and priorities? Who are the main Competitors? What are the major market trends? What are the major Stakeholder requirements? 2.Briefly describe the IT KM solution chosen. What is the new functionality and capabilities delivered by this solution? What processes are affected? What are major benefits? Which knowledge workers benefit? How? 3.What were the Business Goals for the IT project? What are the success metrics? Is there a financial justification in terms of ROI, Payback and Net Present Value? How should the solution continue to evolve in the future? Answers: Introduction: Artificial intelligence is a result of technological advancements. It can be described as the intelligence of the machines, the decision making ability of the in-built programs (Cohen and Feigenbaum 2014). Contract review and analysis is a rationale analysis process that clarifies the facts, delivers the forecasts of risks and measures the feasibility of any contract. The following case study describes the utilization of an artificial system by Djf, a professional organisation situated in Denmark that deals in academics. The association provides education in law, economics, business, social and political science. Due to the management and governance of unstructured corporate data, the organisation has relied on an artificial intelligence system. The purpose of this study is to analyse the case and describe the organisation and its missions and strategies, the functionality of the implementation of the technological system and to discuss the business goals and success metrics of the I T project. 1.Organisation Description: Djf is a professional organisation in Denmark, which provides academic opportunities for graduates and students in business, law, economics, political and social sciences. More than ninety thousand employees, working at different private and public sectors are represented by this organisation. Although it is a main board that leads the organisation, but politically it is divided into 6 federal departments. Some are Djf public, Djf Privat, Djf Lawyers, Djf Students and others (Djoef.dk, 2017). Development and enhancement in operations in both private and public sectors are the major significance of the objectives of Djf. The organisation represents hard-core management in administration, human resources, marketing research and academics. Different professional events and courses are offered by the organisation throughout the country. Strategy of employment of the company is to ensure the availability of proper physical and mental conditions of working of the employees. To ensure the progress of the business the organisation emphasizes on cultural changes in society and strategy of competence development lifelong. Following the market trend, which is collaborative result of global competition and technological advancement that elevated the demand of academic labour instead of regular employment, business policy of Djf is developed on the basis of eight growth drivers. A strong goal towards education and research, maintenance of the global position as an IT expert nation, removal of inappropriate bureaucracy are the part of the strategy. Dolphins is one of the biggest market competitor of Djf. Financial performance of the organised had been enhanced since 2012 and till now the organisation has a deep knowledge about the labour market. Additionally Djf provides advice and legal assistance for cases like workplace di smissals and problems. Salary statistics of this organisation has been proved to be realistic. 2.IT KM Initiative: Due to the vastness of the organisation, human labour in processing of information and maintenance of management, governance and analysis of scattered data had been proved to be error-prone and costly. Contract review and analysis is a very important task for any organisation and the review can only be done by experts. To minimise the error and maximise the benefits artificial intelligent systems are being used now-a-days, which provides semantic classification and congregating of clauses those are relevant inside legacy contracts. Advances in artificial intelligence help in using network technologies to detect the oddity in decision making patterns. With the help of artificial intelligence an organisation can fix issues relating legacy contracts (Brodie, Mylopoulos and Schmidt 2012). To manage near about ten thousands employee contracts, Djf required a good artificial intelligence system to manage data. To complete the job, the organisation has selected RAVN ACE platform. The operational systems of RAVN ACE platform is of the leading experts in national Language Processing and Machine Learning branches of Artificial Intelligence (Ravn.co.uk, 2017). With the technology of its artificial intelligence contract governance process as well as risk analytics can be managed very easily (Korbicz et al. 2012). The artificial intelligence based on RAVN ACE platform provides an understanding to automate the knowledge intensive procedures. This technology offers delivery of expertise for a very long term, bringing competitive advantages to the organisation and structuring the unstructured data (Tallon, Ramirez and Short 2013). Major benefit of the process is description, diagnosis and prediction with a proper quantitative analysis. It has been seen that the analysis delivered by human experts in the field of management are error-prone depending on their experience. An organisation like Djf, which chiefly deals in law and business economics is vulnerable to the results of the errors. A good system with artificial intelligence reduces the errors to a minimal rate. Organisational data like specific employment contracts and others are categorized intelligently by different techniques like semantic and methodical analysis (Castelluccio 2017). The data can be identified and classified in this method using artificial intelligence. The data can be accessed form anyplace of the enterprise such as local drives or business related application by using RAVN ACE platform. Irrelevant contents can be removed easily which automatically reduces the maintenance cost. Following the general compliance rules of the organisatio n the confidential data are protected by the method of general data protection. Both artificial intelligence and information processing technologies are collaboratively performed by RAVN ACE system. Overall the platform delivers discovery, management, analysis and governance of scattered corporate data (Tallon 2013). This scattered or unstructured corporate data is generated from various emails, threads of discussion, collaborative sites, shared drives and many more and the data are very hard to analyse for the human experts. This artificial intelligence technology helps in reading, extracting and intercepting crucial business data automatically from the heap of unstructured data (Russell, Dewey and Tegmark 2015). Required data can be integrated into external contracts or secured management systems. The tools that are used by the platform are transformative and they took part in comparison between the contract estate of the organisation and cross section present in Danish market. Workers will also be benefitted as they will be able to operate with the structured data. 3.Business Goals and Evolution: Business of the organisation, Djf, is totally related with their productivity and in order to maintain and enhance it, it has integrated technological advances like addition of artificial intelligence to its business model. Currently more the 90,000 members of this organisation are working in various sectors in the law and business fields. The organisation maintains its operation in various sectors like administration, management, human resources, law, marketing, academics and research and that provides many opportunities to expand their business in different directions. To support this business goals strategically the organisation needs to integrate technology its business model. The majority of the analysis and governance tasks are related unstructured corporate data and for that the first objective of the organisation has become to sort out the data strategically and intelligently (Prowse 2012). For this purpose, Djf has selected RAVN ACE platform that provides artificial intelligence to deal with these matters. To maintain the strong position in the market any company needs to secure its data first and maintain the confidentiality and for this purpose an artificial intelligence system is more reliable than human employees (Kaplan 2015). With the help of this artificial intelligence solution, Djf has been able to maintain the confidentiality of its contract review and analysis. Additionally this system will help to access and store the data, so that it can be reviewed in future (Nilsson 2014). According to the head of the public sector division of the organisation this platform of RAVN ACE is the required one for the completion of the present and future goals of the Djf. The organisation will surely look to dominate the labour market in the near future and this technological platform incorporated by artificial intelligence will be able to gather market information swiftly and confidentially. To bring in the further revolution in its business model Djf requires a transformative tool of action and that is provided by the artificial system. The system provides encouragement in knowledge sharing, efficiency in search and management of information and improved productivity. Information can be gathered quicker from both external and internal sources. Employees will also be benefitted with the discovery of the link between knowledge assets and them. Conclusion: From the above report, it can be concluded that artificial intelligence is the revolution in technological advances that is changing the traditional business models or strategies by a lot and the changes are productive. Artificial intelligence reduces the amount of error in works, provides a strong calculation or prediction capability basin on its programming. The storage of unstructured corporate data can create a massive confusion in contract review and analysis. Therefore, to sort out the data a huge number of experts will be required but it will increase the cost of any organisation. Artificial system deals with these problems in no time and with less amount of cost. It also provide services like data search, maintenance of confidentiality and other services that can help an organisation to expand its business in the future. However, sole integration of artificial intelligence into a business will reduce its innovative thinking along with the significance of employment. References: Brodie, M.L., Mylopoulos, J. and Schmidt, J.W. eds., 2012.On conceptual modelling: Perspectives from artificial intelligence, databases, and programming languages. Springer Science Business Media. Castelluccio, M., 2017. Artificial intelligence in business.Strategic Finance,98(10), p.55. Cohen, P.R. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds., 2014.The handbook of artificial intelligence(Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Djoef.dk. (2017).Et fllesskab der styrker din karriere. [online] Available at: https://www.djoef.dk/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Kaplan, J., 2015.Humans need not apply: A guide to wealth and work in the age of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press. Korbicz, J., Koscielny, J.M., Kowalczuk, Z. and Cholewa, W. eds., 2012.Fault diagnosis: models, artificial intelligence, applications. Springer Science Business Media. Nilsson, N.J., 2014.Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Prowse, M., 2012. Contract farming in developing countries: a review. Ravn.co.uk. (2017).RAVN Systems | Artificial Intelligence. [online] Available at: https://www.ravn.co.uk/products/artificial-intelligence/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Russell, S., Dewey, D. and Tegmark, M., 2015. Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence.Ai Magazine,36(4), pp.105-114. Tallon, P.P., 2013. Corporate governance of big data: Perspectives on value, risk, and cost.Computer,46(6), pp.32-38. Tallon, P.P., Ramirez, R.V. and Short, J.E., 2013. The information artifact in IT governance: toward a theory of information governance.Journal of Management Information Systems,30(3), pp.141-178.

5 Top Cheaper WP Engine Alternatives for 2019

WP Engine is a fantastic choice for WordPress hosting, albeit a pricey one. After a recent price hike, their plans now start at $35 per month. Not everyone can afford to drop that kind of cash on a hosting service, meaning theyre often forced to look elsewhere for cheaper WP Engine alternatives.The great news is that WordPress hosting is such a competitive field, a cheap  price  doesnt necessarily equate to a lower quality service. There are plenty of cheaper WP Engine alternatives available that dont scrimp on functionality, or the quality of customer support.In this post,  were going to take a look at five cheaper WP Engine alternatives,  and see how they stack up against one another. If youre just looking for the results, check out this helpful table: SiteGroundHostGatorGoDaddyDreamHostStarter plans / month$30.00$3.95$5.95$9.99$16.95Storage5GB10GBUnlim.10GB30GBTraffic (uv. / month)20,00010,000100,00025,000100,000# of WordPress sites11111Includes domainNoNoNoYesNoExclusive WordPress supportYesYesYesNoYes VISIT VISIT VISIT VISIT VISITThe good (and bad) about WP EngineLets get one thing straight right off the bat  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ WP Engine is a great WordPress host, and we dont mean to imply  otherwise here. However,  their prices  remain far out of reach for a lot of users (and the recent price hike in 2018 only makes that worse). In our most recent WordPress hosting survey, we found that WP Engines customers spend  $184 per month  on average for their services – that number alone is enough to make our wallets whimper! Its also worth noting that a staggering 30% of the surveyed users responded that they would love to move to WP Engine, but are deterred by the high cost.Furthermore, WP Engine has a reputation for restricting the use of some plugins, which  could potentially cause you hassle if your favorite picks  are  on that list.That being said, lets take a quick look at the many things that WP Engine does get right:Round the clock support  from dedicated WordPress expertsSolid security measures  to keep your site safeOptimized servers to decrease loading timesDetailed site performance reports  available to customersDaily site backupsAs it stands, WP Engine is  a solid choice for managed WordPress hosting – and regardless of the high price, their service will be suitable for a lot of WordPress users.When to use  WP EngineUse WP Engine if youre a security-conscious WordPress user who is looking for a robust platform to host professional or business websites. While WP Engine will do just as well for small sites, their service could be  a bit overkill – so your budget might serve you better elsewhere.What are the cheaper WP Engine alternatives?There are plenty of available hosts  that have comparable features to WP Engine, often  with cheaper packages to boot. Lets take a look at  the contenders.1. Kinsta (kinsta.com)Kinsta is a popular managed WordPress host that recently slashed their prices. With their new plans, Kinsta starts at just $30 per month, which now makes it a viable entrant on our list of cheaper WP Engine alternatives.Theres a lot to love about Kinsta, starting with its custom hosting dashboard that makes it easy to take advantage of functionality like automatic updates and easy one-click staging sites.Beyond the dashboard, Kinsta also focuses on performance optimization. Your site will be hosted on the premium tier of the Google Cloud Platform, which is the same infrastructure that Google uses to power its own products. You also get NGINX, server-level caching, PHP 7.2+, and lots of other performance-oriented technologies. You even get free premium DNS from Amazon Route 53 and a free CDN from KeyCDN.Finally, Kinsta got excellent marks in our most recent hosting survey. They:Had the  best overall rating score at 4.8/5 (WP Engine got a 4.4)Had the highest marks for both general support and WordPress-specific support of any host, at 4.9 eachTie d for WP Engine for the highest reliability score at 4.8PricingStarts at $30 per month and ranges up into the hundreds, depending on your needs.FeaturesCustom hosting dashboard thats a joy to use.Set up WordPress staging sites with a single click.Automatic daily backups and one-click restores.Uses the premium tier of the Google Cloud Platform.Free SSL certificate, premium DNS, and CDN.When to use KinstaKinsta is not the  cheapest WP Engine alternative, but it is the best-performing, and it still does come in as more affordable than WP Engines cheapest plan. It offers the best performance and the most user-friendly hosting dashboard of all these WP Engine alternatives. So if performance and ease of use are high on your list (rather than just low prices), Kinsta is your best bet.2. SiteGround (siteground.com)SiteGround offers great all-around WordPress hosting, and the starter plan is at only $3.95 per month. In other words, you get one of the top cheaper WP Engine alternatives for one-fifth of the price. Furthermore, they offer  very good site loading speeds (according to our tests)  and a knowledgeable  support team (said to be unmatched according to SiteGrounds client feedback). Those cheap prices come with a caveat, however;  you need to pay for your hosting plan yearly if you want to get the best possible deal – otherwise, you get prices that are more in line with its competitors.As far as WordPress-specific features go, SiteGround delivers. They offer a great mix of features that both WordPress beginners and professionals will appreciate; some of the best are  listed below.Despite offering much lower prices, SiteGround still kept up with WP Engine in our most recent hosting survey:SiteGround had a better overall score at 4.6/5 (remember, WP Engine scored a 4.4)You arent losing much reliability, as SiteGround still scored a 4.6 for reliability, which isnt far behind WP Engines 4.8You arent sacrificing support either. SiteGrounds overall s upport score  tied WP Engine at 4.7, while their WordPress-specific support wasnt far behind at 4.5Pricing$3.95, $5.95, $11.95 per month.FeaturesFree WordPress migrationsSet up WordPress staging sites with a single clickFree in-house caching tool (SuperCacher)Enables users to install the Git for WordPress tool, which developers will appreciateWhen to use SiteGroundAs far as were concerned, SiteGround is a great all-around pick among cheaper WP Engine alternatives for users that value a mix of solid performance, good support, and advanced WordPress-specific features. If you dont mind paying for your hosting yearly, you wont find better prices. If, on the other hand, you prefer to pay a monthly bill, you might prefer to look elsewhere.3. HostGator (hostgator.com)HostGator is the proud host of over nine million domains and over 400,000 customers – so theyre rather well known in the hosting world. Much of  their  popularity is down to their below average pricing, and their basic WordPress Cloud Hosting Starter  plan  starts at a mere $5.95 per month, which is cheap as far as managed hosting WordPress hosting is concerned.However, in our survey, HostGators scores were decidedly average across the board – which means its ultimately up to you to decide whether their cheap packages are worth your consideration.Pricing$5.95, $7.95, $9.95 per month.FeaturesTheir most basic plan claims to be enough to handle up to 100,000 visitors per month24/7 support via phone, live chat, and emailFree migration servicesStandard and Business plans include a tutorial session for WordPress beginners, taught  by a WordPress expertFree shared SSL certificateFree Content Delivery Network (CDN) serviceWhen to use  HostGatorUse HostGator if youre a beginner WordPress user who could benefit from an  easy to use interface, low pricing, and one-to-one tutorials  to get you up and running.4. GoDaddy (godaddy.com)GoDaddy is best known as a domain registrar, but they also offer all kinds of hosting services. Their WordPress managed hosting plans are the cheapest all-around, and they dont scrimp on features. All of their packages include free daily backups,  a one-click restore function, a migration tool, automatic WordPress updates, and round the clock  support.All of that sounds pretty good, but what about the cost?  GoDaddys cheapest managed WordPress hosting package usually costs $9.99 per month, but they often run promotions with heavily discounted prices (you can get your hosting plan for as low as $5 or even $1). However, bear in mind that come renewal time,  youll revert back to the regular pricing.Like HostGator, GoDaddy didnt perform exceptionally well in our survey, though.Pricing$9.99, $14.99, $19.99, $34.99 per month.FeaturesFree daily backups and a simple restore functionA 99.9% uptime promiseFree migration toolAnnual plans come with a free domainFull-time support for WordPress usersWhen to use  GoDaddyQuite simply, GoDad dy is one of the cheapest WP Engine alternatives available. While they only received an average rating of 3.5 out of five  for their service in our survey, their prices are almost  unbeatable – and they  also  provide decent support to their users.If budget is your primary concern, GoDaddy  might just be the platform for you.5. DreamHost (dreamhost.com)Last but not least, DreamHost is another well-known name offering dedicated WordPress hosting. Theyve been in business since 1996,  and boast a high level of customer satisfaction – in our survey, 94% said they would extend their current  subscription at renewal time.DreamHost offers one of the most competitive services when it comes to uptime and loading speeds, and they also  provide their customers with knowledgeable support. Their managed WordPress plan is called DreamPress, and it comes with all the bells and whistles youve come to expect from a managed hosting service, such as automatic updates and robust security features.Pricing$16.95, $24.95, $71.95 per month.FeaturesA multi-layered caching system to handle traffic spikes and deliver fast speedsWP-CLI  comes pre-installed, which enables you to update plugins and configure multisite installs without a web browserOne-click SSL certificateUnlimited bandwidthRound the clock support from  knowledgeable staffWhen to use  DreamHostIf youre looking for a no-nonsense WordPress hosting provider that takes security and performance seriously, consider DreamHost.Summing it all upWP Engine is one of the major front runners in the world of dedicated WordPress hosting, but their service  comes with a hefty price tag. Fortunately, its still possible for WordPress users to find plenty of cheaper WP Engine alternatives that can compete on service.  Its simply a matter of analyzing the competition, and seeing which host offers the features you need for your website to flourish.Which host  is right for you? Lets recap:Kinsta:  For people who are willing to pay for the best performance and convenience. Its not  that much cheaper than WP Engine, but you can still save a few bucks per month  and host your site at the best overall WordPress host (according to our hosting survey).SiteGround:  For power users and beginners that dont mind paying for their hosting on a yearly basis. They are also one of the few companies openly recommended by WordPress.org.HostGator: For beginner WordPress users looking for an easy interface and a thorough knowledge base.GoDaddy: For those looking for the best possible deal on price.DreamHost: For users who need  a stable host that will enable their sites to scale seamlessly.In case you missed it, heres  our comparison table again:Cheaper WP Engine Alternatives for WordPress hostingKinstaSiteGroundHostGatorGoDaddyDreamHostStarter plans / month$30.00$3.95$5.95$9.99$16.95Storage5GB10GBUnlim.10GB30GBTraffic (uv. / month)20,00010,000100,00025,000100,000# of WordPress sites1111 1Includes domainNoNoNoYesNoExclusive WordPress supportYesYesYesNoYes VISIT VISIT VISIT VISIT VISITWhich of these cheaper WP Engine alternatives do you think is best?Share your picks with us in the comments section below! * This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links and then purchase the product, well receive a small fee. No worries though, youll still pay the standard amount so theres no cost on your part.

Chicago history Essays

Chicago history Essays Chicago history Essay Chicago history Essay Essay Topic: Chinatown The Wing city Chicago When I first visit Chicago two years ago, I thought Chicago is Just a city with cold winter and nothing fancy. So I always stay in my little comfort zoon like Chinatown and only hangout with my Chinese friends. However, after a month of exploring Chicago, I was totally wrong. Chicago is a place with rich history, culture diversity and innovation in business. It is so fabulous and modern, yet so calm and beautiful. When you pay close attention to your surrounding, you will discover the culture mix is everywhere. The different neighborhood has its own traditions, in term of art, music, DOD and religion. Yet, they were all somehow so united and shared same sprit of being citizen of Chicago. Chicago is nothing like Detroit. It will not fall like Detroit, because Chicago innovation and variety of the business were so advanced, it could make change to adopt current economic situations. The culture is so important in a global city like Chicago. Chicago is like a box, which packed all the different ethnic groups together. Mixing with the rich history, people from around the world shares all the different believe seems to be sharing with each other and started to melt down into one. They call them citizen of Chicago. The citizen of Chicago has a huge advantage over others. They dont have to drive hours to find the food they want and they never worried about what to eat. Like most of the global city, Chicago has huge variety of food. The Chinatown provides huge variety of Chinese food and emphasized on the famous cooking style around China. I had visited all restaurants across the Chinatown over two years time. The authentic of the food is great in old town. However, in the new town area they modified and improvised on the food with a little American element. If you are the type person ho like to enjoy spicy and grilled food, you should Just started making your way to the west of the Carmaker. The two distinguished neighborhood pipeline and little village provides you with delicious authentic Mexican food. You are expected to find a lot of delicious taco there. Little Italy is no so far away from Chinatown as well, if you are thinking of some really good pastas. If all of the food above does not work for you, you can Just yelp a sushi restaurant near you, I can ensure you it is almost everywhere. However, if you are looking for authentic sushi then you must go to the ere north part of Chicago. The variety of the food is Just part of identity to global city. What contribute to Chicago as an alpha+ global city is about the innovation of the food. Did you realize the some of the restaurant in downtown you see simply looks cool? The design of the sushi restaurant is like a club with all the lighting and modern furniture. Who will think of the sushi will be BBC or chess to be placed on top of sushi? The sushi restaurant NUN is making so much innovation and culture mix that produce a food which so unique that many people were attracted to the saturate. Not to mention about the Michelin three start restaurant Alien, its Just a hell a lot of fame in them. Those benefits of having such variety and innovation of If food and arts are the expression of the culture element of global city, Music is then the soul of the Chicago. Music is everywhere in this talented land and deep rooted in every neighborhood. During the excursion to Chinatown, my group and I discover that the different type of the music played in the store creates very different culture experience. The soft and high note music played in the traditional archaize store, where in the new town we were having modern Chinese pop or even American latest hit. Across the street two element of old and young both are expression of how Chinese interpreting Chicago culture. The soft and high pitch notes Creates this close engagement of Chinese culture and modern-pop by the young and energetic people was Just showing how the new generation of people in china town has deeply involved in this global culture mix. If you continue going west bound of Carmaker, you will be entering a totally different world. Guitar mixed with all efferent kind of high note pipes, in a fast and happy pace, you will find yourself dance around store to stores. Language itself can type of music as well. In little village you can imagine when the whole area of people is speaking Spanish and you will unintentionally started greeting Hole to the passes. When you step into downtown you can feel the existence of the legend muddy waters legacy. People are performing and singing Chicago blues at the corner of the street. What has been remarkable to me during this summer course was the group excursion to Generically. The generically neighborhood is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Chicago and has a reputation for insularity or hostility to outsiders. It is located at 40th street to 47th street between Halsted Street and Wentworth Avenue. It was heavily influenced by the development and decline of the livestock and meatpacking industries. Historically, it has been known as an Irish American neighborhood. During the visit to the church, professor and I were able to have a short conversation with the church keeper. She told us about how she was lucky that grant acceptance by the neighborhood when she married to the Irish guy. Although, this neighborhood has kept its tradition, the culture is always evolving. From no acceptance of foreign race at town, the tolerance has gradually increased, which is sign of how Chicago has a city has become more educated and tolerance. The economy of Chicago is strong. It has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States, which is approximately $532 billion. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. Chicago is home to more than 400 major corporate headquarters. Its diversity of he business, from in every sector from risk management innovation to manufacturing to information technology to health services, made Chicago so flexible that could adapt major economic crisis. The transformation of architecture in Chicago has played an essential role in the history of this city, even the history of the United States. The United States Fort Progress Worlds Fair have been commemorated on Chicago flag as stars. Two of these four historical events are highly related to the architecture. The interactions between the city and the past have also reflected the history of American architectural style. The Great Chicago Fire did not destroy the city but stimulated the largest building booms in the history of nation in 19th century. The intrinsic spirit of Chicago embedded in the architecture from the reconstruction. People briefly summarized as a spirit of never giving up. The World Columbian Exposition 1893 in the city has led to a positive for the relocation of prominent architects. The Chicago School and the Second Chicago School represented modern architecture in America. The constructions of Willis Tower, Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Non Center, and the John Hancock Center are the four tallest buildings in the city, these landmark buildings are constructed in varying styles in Chicago. The architecture styles in Chicago allowed people coming from various cultures to find their own interests here. Chicago is a sprit. It has the courage to rebuild the city from ruin. Chicago is an Idea. From railroad to meat packing, From small business trading to worlds 17% of the global derivatives trading market. Chicago is about people. Ethnic across the global come here to share the same believe. They united together to achieve better future.

Statements on Standards for Tax Services Assignment - 1

Statements on Standards for Tax Services - Assignment Example The SST section that will apply to Marie’s situation is number 5 which stipulates that if the applicable authority lacks written standards in reference to the recommendation of the position of a tax return. The signing or recommendation or even the preparing of the tax return is pegged on section (a) which is only recommended when the position taken can either be sustained judicially or even administratively on its advantages when challenged. SST number 7 can also be incorporated. In this number, the member can’t recommend prepare or sign tax return position since the member may be exploiting the taxing authority’s audit selection process. It may also serve as arguing platform for the purpose of gaining leverage while negotiating with the authority (AICPA 10). Ashley’s action of not reviewing the original receipts may pose the danger since there is no absolute certainty that the list provided was authentic. In the event of advocating for the taxpayer according to SST, number 8 may be hampered if the receipts produced are not authentic. Besides SST number 8, number 10 can also be incorporated where the effectiveness of the function of the assessment is either true or complete or even correct. The preparation of the tax return is validated when the facts are represented by the taxpayer through the standard tends to differ among clients (AICPA 11). SST number 6 mandates members with the responsibility of giving advice to the taxpayer on the likely penalty effects such as opportunity and position of the return tax. In the events that the standards are altered, the members still are obliged to inform the taxpayers of the happenings.

Banking; analysing through economics the Spanish banking system Essay

Banking; analysing through economics the Spanish banking system - Essay Example Globalization has brought about the integration of the world markets. In this sense the global market has tended to move towards a perfect and pure market structure as defined in the economic theory; however the exact form of global markets have remained far from the theoretical ideals of perfect and pure. Regardless of the product or service that is being studied; it is noticeable that all of a sudden the information flow has become more rapid, regulatory structures have been oriented more towards free market structures and the movement of capital and permission to access local markets has become freer. This has encouraged national businesses to aim to be global businesses and the global businesses to target national markets. However, the roughness in the control of market shares in the past has tended more towards monopolies but, structures have not stayed the same, these have become, in general, oligopolies. This aspect of globalisation has thus changed the very nature of competit ion and the markets will move forward into a new direction of perfect markets if globalisations are sustained and its true objective is achieved. The Banking industry is no exception. Competition in the banking sector depends largely upon the efficiency with which financial services are produced, the quality of financial service produced and the relative degree of innovation in the sector. (Claaessens and Laeven). This however depends upon how the banking sector competes with each other and what is the nature of the financial markets. This is important because the nature of the markets in the financial sector Banks enable consumers to do essential functions such as saving, investing and storing money or money equivalents.

Las 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Las 432 Genetically Modified Foods Essay It has been determined that GMO’s are made up of plants, animals, viruses and bacteria that are created in laboratories. Scientist started experimenting with GMO’s in the early 1950’s with investigation of plants DNA. In the 1970’s scientist developed the first genetically engineered organism. By the early 1990’s biotechnology had expanded on production of GM foods to the public, but this brought fourth concerns. There are also those who believe that the laws and regulations that are attributed to genetically modified foods have been influenced through both the media and political aspects. These influences have brought about worries to GM food consumers and they started comparing the similarities and differences in organic foods and GM foods. Consumers want to know what GM food products they have consumed and will be aware of any affects that may be acquired with consumption. Not only are there consumer challenges that must be faced with these technological experimentations, but also the impacts that may be developed environmentally or effects that may incur with nature and wildlife. Some societies are worried about how the rich will prosper and the poorer countries will suffer and possibly go hungry. Some religions and groups protest eating genes and do not want to consume such un-natural foods and other concerns still the unknown effects on human allergies and transfer of antibiotic resistance to intestine bacterial flora or pathogenic bacteria in our bodies. Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Thesis: Consumers today have a right to know if genetically modified foods are harmful to our health, the environment and our economy. In order to be able to answer these questions more research needs to be done. Summary Controversy around genetically modified foods is becoming big news and sorting through volumes of information can be intimidating. The public is asking a lot of questions about GM foods and they are also raising concerns about the effects these foods may have on their health or the environment. There are different advantages and disadvantages of GM foods, although to what extent they can help or harm humans and the environment is a debatable aspect of this technology. The time has come to look at the decisions that we make about genetic engineering in food crops and if it will have permanent consequences on our food production capacity. Are genetically modified foods putting us at a crossroads in terms of the agricultural legacy that we will leave behind for our children and grandchildren? Modern technology has given us the ability to go beyond selective breeding. Organisms can now be modified by moving genes from one species to another and by introducing synthetic genetic material into their genomes. Humans no longer simply select from variations present in the population: they create new variations! Some find our new power exciting. They dream of crops with greater resistance to disease and insect pests, pigs with healthy fats, and a level of agricultural production sufficient to feed everyone on the planet. Others fear that we have crossed an important boundary and are now tinkering with living systems that we understand incompletely. They question our ability to predict the consequences of our actions and are afraid that we may disrupt the delicate natural order. GMO Technology I. What Are GMOs? GMOs (genetically modified organisms) are plants, animals, viruses and bacteria that are created in the laboratory. Their DNA (genes) has been modified through the use of gene splicing techniques in a desire to create â€Å"new† organisms. The technology involves removing the DNA of one species and inserting it into another species, resulting in new and different varieties of plant, animal, viral and bacterial genes which don’t naturally occur in nature or by hybridizing (Smith, 2012, para. 7). Other names for the technology are â€Å"modern technology or gene technology,† genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology, and biotechnology (World Health Organization (WHO), 2012, para. 2). GMOs are used to create genetically modified plants which in turn are used to create genetically modified crops for human consumption and as animal feed. Developers believe that producers and consumers would be interested in these foods due to their â€Å"built-in† advantages of lower prices, high nutritional value and hardiness. The desire is to achieve crops that are resistant to spoilage, drought, insects and herbicides. At the outset genetically modified (GM) seed manufacturers envisioned their product being used by producers, thus they focused on innovations those farmers, and more generally the food industry, would accept and appreciate (WHO, 2012, para. 3). WHO states that (2012), the initial objective for developing plants based on GM organisms was to improve crop protection. The GM crops currently on the market are mainly aimed at an increased level of crop protection through the introduction of resistance against plant diseases caused by insects or viruses or through increased tolerance towards herbicides† (para. 4). Commodity crops were the First Generation GM crops and included soybean, maize/corn, cotton, canola and sugar beets (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). GM soybeans and canola have permeated the market and can be found in most processed foods, e.g. , spaghetti, candy Schonwald, 2012, p. 25). There was expectation that with the success of first generation crops, biotech specialty crops (produce) would follow, focusing more on consumer tastes. According to Kent Bradford, director of University of California (UC) at Davis’s Seed Biotechnology Center (2012), â€Å"these crops hadn’t been commercialized since 1998† (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). The author wondered why, and so enlisted the assistance of Kent Bradford for answers on â€Å"what was going on with bioengineered specialty crops† (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). Bradford and a collaborator, Jamie Miller, found that research on specialty crops was underway and had never ceased. The research involved input traits that are important to agriculture such as â€Å"disease resistance,† â€Å"insect resistance,† â€Å"adaptability to certain environments† and output traits that â€Å"improve taste and texture and could lead to changes in the dining experience of the future† (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). Schonwald says Bradford contends that (2012), â€Å"There was research on 46 different species with more than 300 traits being tested† (p. 26. ). So things were going on at the research level, but the results were not moving forward. Bradford found this was due to regulatory controls. Because of the lack of consumer confidence in transgenic breeding the regulatory process for genetically modified foods was much different than for non-GMO foods. In contrast, foods using classic breeding processes were considered safe for consumption. But GMO foods were â€Å"guilty until proven innocent† (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). Schonwald reports that (2012), â€Å"A genetically engineered crop must pass review by the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration before it is commercialized. The cost could range from $50,000 to tens of millions of dollars to win regulatory approval. For every â€Å"transgenic event,† the genetic engineer must show exactly what genes went into the plant and how they function, and then prove how the plant makeup has been altered. That research is costly. So is plant storage. Once a transgenic creation is spawned at the Plant Transformational Facility, it is whisked to the UC Davis Controlled Environment Facility, where it will stay in a tightly secured warehouse. Or it will be airmailed to some other place, where it will live out its life in another intensely biosecure environment. The process is costly and time-consuming, which partly explains why biotech crop development is largely in the hands of the agribusiness giants – the Monsanto’s, Syngentas, and Bayer Crop Sciences of the world—who have the resources to undertake the process. With such high approval costs, big companies have favored commodity crops with market potential for hundreds of millions of dollars to sales, not tens of millions† ( p. 26) According to Bradford, non-governmental organizations – Greenpeace and the Union of Concerned Scientists – were responsible for the stringent governmental handling of the biotech specialty crops. The $20 million organic foods industry labored to stop the proliferation of GMO foods. They did so by launching a campaign against GMOs, inundating the USDA with thousands of letters (â€Å"275,026 to be exact†) expressing anti-GMO sentiments. This led to the non-inclusion of GMO foods under the USDA’s standards of organic produce (Schonwald, 2012, p. 27). U. S. Leads in Biotech AgricultureMore than 170 million acres of biotech crops are under cultivation in the United States, more than twice Brazil’s acreage, which ranks second. Experts credit faster technological advances, more lenient regulations and expanding economic benefits for the U. S. lead. Biotech acreage by Country, 2011| Country| Acres (in millions)| Biotech crops| United States| 170. 5| Corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, papaya, squash| Brazil| 74. 9| Soybean, corn, cotton| Argentina| 58. 6| Soybean, corn, cotton| India| 26. 2| Cotton| Canada| 25. 7| Canola, corn, soybean, sugar beet| China| 9. 6| Cotton, papaya, poplar, tomato, sweet pepper| Paraguay| 6. 9| Soybean| Pakistan| 6. 4| Cotton| South America| 5. 7| Soybean, corn, cotton| Uruguay| 3. 2| Soybean, corn|. Source: Clive James, â€Å"Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011,† International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2011, p. 2, www. isaaa. org/purchasepublications/itemdescription. asp? ItemType=BRIEFSControl=IB043-2011| (McClure, 2012, p. 724) Below is a list of tips on how to say no to GMOs: Tip #1: Buy Organic Certified organic products cannot intentionally include any GMO ingredients. Buy products labeled â€Å"100% organic† â€Å"organic,† or â€Å"made with organic ingredients. † You can be doubly sure if the product also has a Non-GMO Project Verified Seal (see next tip). Tip #2: Look for Non-GMO Project Seals Products that carry the Non-GMO Project seal are independently verified to be in compliance with North America’s only third party standard for GMO avoidance, including testing of at-risk ingredients. Tip #3: Avoid At-Risk Ingredients Even if it’s not labeled organic or verified non-GMO, you can still avoid products made with ingredients that are likely derived from GMOs. The eight most common GM food crops are: *Corn (as in corn oil, cornmeal, cornstarch, and other corn-based ingredients) *Soybeans (as in soybean oil, soy protein, soy lecithin, soy milk, tofu, and other soy-based ingredients). *Canola (as in canola oil) *Sugar beets (the â€Å"sugar† listed on food labels is almost always derived from sugar cane and GM sugar beets) *Most Hawaiian papaya *A small amount of zucchini and yellow squash *Also, beware of dairy products, which may come from cows injected with GM bovine growth hormone, and meats from animals (including farmed fish) that have been fed GM foods. [Instead] look for dairy products labeled No rBGH or rBST, artificial hormone-free, or organic; wild-caught fish; and meat labeled organic or 100% grass-fed. Tip #4: Use Non-GMO Shopping Guides. Download either the new Non-GMO Shopping Tips brochure or Non-GMO Shopping Guide at www. nongmoshoppingguide. com; in order to help identify, avoid GM foods and find hidden GM ingredients on food labels. If you have an iPhone, download the ShopNoGMO guide for free from the iTunes store. Copyright of Better Nutrition is the property of Active Interest Media, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use (Smith, 2012, p. 14). II. Scientific Techniques and Experiments Various techniques are used to transfer DNA genes into the host cell. Researchers have been perfecting these techniques over the past 40 years. In one technique, target cells are bombarded with heavy metals coated with the gene transferred have been bombarded. Yet another technique transfers genes by using a naturally occurring bacterium along with a pulse of electricity to introduce genes into the targeted cell (McClure, 2012, p. 720). According to McClure (2012), Opponents of GM foods argue that the public should be informed of the techniques used in gene-transferring (p.720). At the Plant Transformation Facility at the UC, Davis more than 15,000 transgenic events have occurred. Transgenic event is the molecular biologists way of describing the blasting of DNA from one life form into another. This building, a short distance from the student union, houses thousands of Petri dishes of microscopic plantlets bathing in pink and fluorescent blue lights. Here biologists use a gas-pump-like tool called the Helium Particle Delivery system to mix sexually incompatible species together. They use gold bullets (literally) to fire genes from one species into another in a bombardment chamber. As a result the â€Å"Davis lab has birthed grapes spiked with jellyfish, tomatoes spiked with carp, transgenic squash, transgenic carrots, and transgenic tomatoes† (Schonwald, 2012, p. 25). In Changing Genes to Feed the World, David Pimentel takes a look at one molecular biologist’s account of plant breeding and the field of genetic engineering of crops. In her book, Mendel in the Kitchen, author Nina Fedoroff compares the contributions of genetically engineered plants with that of early plant breeding research, e. g. , development of hybrid corn, achieved through the transfer of genes within the confines of crop species. This method contributed greatly to the growth of crop yields during the Green Revolution. Specifically, according to Fedoroff (2004), traditional methods of cross breeding were responsible for, â€Å"40 percent of the increase in yields. The remaining 60 percent was due to greater inputs in fossil-fuels energy, fertilizers and pesticides† (Pimentel, 2004, paras. 1-2). Crop yields increased greatly during the years 1950-1983. Globally, 80 percent of the calories consumed by humans came from grains, making the Green Revolution an important feeding mechanism for billions of people around the world (Pimentel, 2004, para. 2). Though the use of traditional breeding methods greatly increased the yield and quality of crops, these methods were quite slow, in comparison to the advances being made in the field of molecular biology and genetic engineering. Before, breeders were required to manually manipulate genetic material within a specific crop to increase yields. Now, through genetic engineering, genes can quickly be transferred from one plant species to another and brought into crops (Pimentel, 2004, para. 3). As more and more genetically modified foods are being integrated into our food systems, there is a need to be able to detect their presence in food products in order to determine if food manufacturers are in â€Å"compliance with labeling requirements† (Yi, Yien-Chian, Foo-Peng Lee, and Nam-Trung, 2009, para. 1). There is a method that allows for the rapid detection of the presence of GMOs in foods and it is called ferrofluid-driven PCR microchip. â€Å"The microchip was fabricated in polymethyl methacrylate by CO? laser ablation and was integrated with three temperature zones. PCR solution was contained in a circular closed micro channel and was driven by magnetic force generated by an external magnet through a small oil-based ferrofluid plug. Successful amplification of genetically modified soya and maize were achieved in less than 13 minutes. This PCR microchip combines advantages of cycling flexibility and quick temperature transitions associated with two existing microchip PCR techniques, and it provides a cost saving and less time-consuming way to conduct preliminary screening of GMOs† (Yi, Yien-Chian, Foo-Peng Lee, Nam-Trung, 2009, para. 1). History of GMO’s I. Biotechnology Chronology â€Å"1950s – 1960s: Scientists identify genes and begin investigating the role of DNA in plant development. 1953-American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA, setting the stage for mapping the genetic code. 1967-Lenape potato, a new variety bred for making potato chips is withdrawn from experimental production after high levels of toxin are found. 1970s – 1980s: Scientists begin experimenting with genetic transformation of plants and animals. 1973-Scientists create first genetically engineer organism. 1983-Researchers transfer new DNA into plants, leading to the creation of genetically modified crops. 1989-Calene Inc. receives U. S. patent for gene sequence in GM Flavr Savr tomato. 1990s: Biotech foods are marketed to the public despite environmental and health concerns. 1992-FDA decides not to require labeling of most GM foods, sparking mistrust of the technology. 1993-FDA allows cows to be injected with bovine growth hormone (rBGH) made from genetically modified bacteria, setting off consumer protests. 1994-FDA approves Flavr Savr tomato, first GM food approved for sale to consumers. 1996-Monsanto introduces Roundup Ready soybeans, first of several popular herbicide-tolerant or insecticide-producing crops. 1998- European Union (EU) halts approvals of new GM crops in what is termed an â€Å"unofficial moratorium. † 2000s: Genetically engineered foods face continued criticism despite growing scientific consensus that they do not pose greater safety risks than conventional crops. 2000-Bowing to international demands, U.S. officials agree to label GM commodities for export†¦. Weeds resistant to Roundup discovered in Delaware†¦. Friends of the Earth, a major environmental group, reports that genes from StarLink corn, a GM crop approved only for animal consumption, have been discovered in taco shells. The discovery prompts recalls of corn products and lawsuits, but researchers are unable to document any human health effects†¦. Centers for disease Control study concludes StarLink did not cause allergic reactions claimed by 28 people. 2002-National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy finds that GM crops in the United States produced four billion pounds of additional foods and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income by $1. 5 billion and reduced pesticide use by 46 million pounds†¦. Monsanto announces it will delay introduction of GM wheat amid concerns from farmers that it will harm exports. 2003-Bollworms resistant to the Bt toxin, an insecticide produced by GM cotton, discovered in the South. 2004-Under U. S. pressure, EU drops de facto ban on GM crops but institutes mandatory labeling; many European stores won’t stock GM foods because of consumer fears. 2008-Monsanto sells unit that produces rBGH, as major grocers including Wal-Mart, Publix and Kroger decline to sell milk from cows treated with the product. 2010-After approving the sale of GM eggplant, India’s environment minister declares a moratorium on the product because of public outcry. 2011-GM crops are grown on 395 million acres of farmland globally, though more than 90 percent is in just three crops: soybeans, corn and cotton. 2012-Anti-GMO groups file petitions containing more than 1 million signatures demanding that the FDA require GM foods to be labeled†¦. Californian vote scheduled for Nov. 6 on ballot initiative requiring labeling for GM foods† (McClure, 2012, p. 727). II. Advantages and Disadvantages The people of the United States (U. S. ) have been unknowingly consuming GMO foods since the 1990s. The Food and Drug Administration scientists warned that these new foods had the capability to produce new allergens and toxins and advised that more thorough testing was needed. But the U. S. government’s position was that GM foods were equivalent to non-GMO foods and failed to require labeling and testing (Smith, 2012, para, 9). According to the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM), eating GMO foods contributes to a number of health risks (Smith, 2012),â€Å"including infertility, immune system issues, accelerated aging, disruption of insulin and cholesterol regulation, gastrointestinal issues, and changes in organs† (para. 9). AAEM reported that doctors most likely are seeing negative health effects in their patients and may not realize that GMO foods are the culprit. Doctors are urged to prescribe non-GMO diets for all of their patients (Smith, 2012, para. 9). The environment is not exempt from the risks of GMO foods. There is the threat of GMO seeds contaminating nearby fields of organic and non-GMO crops. Pesticide usage has dramatically increased over the first thirteen years since the GM crops were introduced. Further, high amounts of herbicide usage on GM herbicide –resistant crops have caused the development of â€Å"superweeds† that adapt to and withstand your typical herbicides (Smith, 2012, para. 10). On the positive side, genetic engineering offers a wonderful solution to farmers, especially those in developing countries, and that is the opportunity for developing perennial grains. As most grains are annual crops, tilling and replanting of the soil is required every single year. This involves an enormous amount of energy each year, including fossil and human energy and strength. Annual tillage also results in soil erosion. Planting perennial grains would mean that farmers would only need to till and replant every five or six years. This would be a major benefit for farmers in developing countries, as tilling for them involves 400 hours per hectare, hand-tilling their fields prior to planting their crops. As such, according to the author, â€Å"plant breeding and genetic engineering will continue to make a tremendous contribution to our food supply† (Smith, 2012, para. ). Other advantages of GM foods include disease resistance, cold tolerance, drought resistance, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and phytoremediation (Whitman, 2012, pp. 2-4). Legal and Political Issues I. Regulations and Laws There have been an abundant number of studies done in the past on American health and safety standards that have demonstrated the inconsistencies of risk assessment. Some standards are rather strict and offer few or no benefits in savings lives, preventing diseases or injuries; while other standards have been negligent and have placed a considerable amount of lives at risk or harm. It is essentially due to the passage of these standards for which the American regulatory policy making has been implanted. In the past, both Congress and the political appointees who head regulatory agencies have been very susceptible to public opinion and public pressures. As a result, the more the American public is prone to worry about a particular risk, the more meticulous American policy-makers are likely to regulate it. â€Å"Therefore, many of the American regulatory policies, especially those between the mid 1960s through the mid 1980s, were characterized by the triumph of passion over sound science. (Vogel, 2001). In 1984, the Federal Government established a formal policy that is referred to as â€Å"The Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology†. This policy describes the Federal system for evaluating products that have been developed using modern biotechnology. â€Å"The Coordinated Framework is based upon health and safety laws developed to address specific product classes and involves the cooperation of three federal regulatory agencies; the EPA, the USDA, and the FDA. The U. S. Government has written new regulations, policies and guidance to implement these laws for biotechnology as products have developed† (United States Regulatory Agencies Unitied Biotechnology Website, 2012). EPA Regulation â€Å"Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the EPA regulates the use of intergeneric microorganisms in commerce or commercial research. The EPA considers intergeneric microorganisms to be those formed from organisms in different genera (genera is the plural of genus, which is a level in a taxonomic classification system based on the relatedness of organisms) or those microorganisms formed with synthetic DNA not from the same genus† (Biotechnology Program under the Toxic Substances Control Act, 2012). â€Å"The EPA believes that inter generic micro organisms have a sufficiently high likelihood of expressing new traits or new combinations of traits to be termed new and warrant EPA review. The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), Biotechnology Program conducts a screening program for new microorganisms under section 5 of TSCA. In 1997, the EPA published regulations that fully implement its pre-manufacture program for microorganisms under TSCA section 5. Prior to 1997; the EPA operated its biotechnology program in accordance with the 1986 Policy Statement† (Biotechnology Program under the Toxic Substances Control Act, 2012) USDA Regulation. | â€Å"USDA supports the safe and appropriate use of science and technology, including biotechnology, to help meet agricultural challenges and consumer needs of the 21st century. USDA plays a key role in assuring that products produced using biotechnology are safe to be grown and used in the United States. Once these products enter commerce, USDA supports bringing these and other products to the worldwide marketplace† (Bitechnology, 2012). | â€Å"The Advisory Committee on Biotechnology and 21st Century Agriculture (AC21) was originally established in February, 2003 and first met in June, 2003. Under its Charter, the committee is charged with examining the long-term impacts of biotechnology on the U. S. food and agriculture system and USDA, and providing guidance to USDA on pressing individual issues, identified by the Office of the Secretary, related to the application of biotechnology in agriculture. The AC21 is a broad-based committee representing a wide range of interests and agricultural expertise† (USDA Advisory Committee on Biotechnology 21st Century Agriculture (AC21), 2012). FDA Regulation â€Å"In the Federal Register of May 29, 1992 (57 FR 22984), FDA published its Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties. The 1992 policy clarified the agencys interpretation of the application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to human foods and animal feeds derived from new plant varieties and provided guidance to industry on scientific and regulatory issues related to these foods (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012). The 1992 policy applied to all foods derived from all new plant varieties, including varieties that are developed using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology. This site refers to foods derived from plant varieties that are developed using rDNA technology as bioengineered foods† (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012). â€Å"In the Federal Register of January 18, 2001 (the premarket notification proposal; 66 FR 4706), FDA issued a proposed rule that would require that developers submit a scientific and regulatory assessment of the bioengineered food 120 days before the bioengineered food is marketed. In the premarket notification proposal, FDA recommends that developers continue the practice of consulting with the agency before submitting the required premarket notice† (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012) The chief statutes under which the above agencies have been given regulatory or Review authority comes from the following Act’s: * The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (EPA); * The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (EPA); * The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) (FDA and EPA); * The Plant Protection Act (PPA) (USDA); * The Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) (USDA); * The Public Health Service Act (PHSA)(FDA); * The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) (FDA) * The Meat Inspection Act (MIA)(USDA); * The Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (USDA); * The Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) (USDA); and * The National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA)(Guide to U. S. Regulations of Genetically Modified Foods and Argricultural Biotechnology Products, 2001) II. Current Political Issues Genetically modified foods have been a concern for many people around the world. In the past Europeans have been the most vocal in their resistance to GM foods and crops, to the point that they have implemented strict labeling requirements for any genetically modified foods sold. In the absence of stronger health and safety data, many national governments across the world have taken steps to lessen the existence of GE food within their borders. â€Å"In Europe, six nations (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, and Luxembourg) have enacted bans on the cultivation and import of GE products, and nearly 50 nations worldwide require that all GE foods be labeled as such† (Dahl, 2012). To date in the United State there have been no mandatory labeling requirements for genetically modified foods. However this may soon change, Americans are now starting to ask questions about what they are eating and suspicions about the health and environmental effects of biotechnology is now behind the demand that foods from genetically modified crops be labeled. The most recent labeling effort that has come to the fore front is the California ballot initiative Proposition 37 called â€Å"The Right to Know†. What is Proposition 37? The California â€Å"Right to Know† Genetically Engineered Food Act is easy: The initiative would basically require food that is sold in retail outlets to be labeled if it is produced through genetic engineering, and would not allow these products to be labeled as â€Å"natural. † Prop 37 allows companies 18 months to change their product labels, and allows for the GMO disclosure to appear wherever they choose on the packaging (Facts Yes on Prop 37, 2012). If this initiative passes, California will be the first state to require all foods that have genetically modified crops in them to be labeled. However, there is an opposing side to this Proposition. Those that are against Proposition 37 feel that by having to label all foods with genetically engineered crops would mean higher food prices due to the cost of re-package existing foods, recordkeeping, or companies being forced to switch to higher priced non-GM foods. The opposing side also states that it would add more government bureaucracy and taxpayers cost, and create frivolous lawsuits (Stop the Deceptive Food Labeling Scheme, 2012). This is one political debate that will have everyone on the edge of their chairs. III. What are the Possible Health Effects of GM Foods? With so many of our foods today now coming from GM crops, questions are now being asked if there is a health risk from GM foods. The problem is that unlike the safety evaluations that are required for the approval of a new drug, the safety evaluations of genetically engineered foods for human consumption has not been as strict. So what is known about possible health issues from the consumption of GM foods? Scientists from around the world have been complaining that a majority of the research that is being done about the possible side effects of GM foods for human consumption is being conducted by scientists that are associated with the biotechnology companies; the same companies that are selling the crops seeds. That and the fact that these studies are being done by the biotechnology companies tend to show that there are no health problems associated with eating GM foods. The problem is this is a one sided research study. One of the biggest problems that independent researchers are facing is that it is extremely hard to get GM seeds in order to conduct any type of research. These seeds can only be purchased through a licensed seed dealer and a technology licensing agreement must be signed stating that no research will be done on the seed; this includes any research attributed to health and environment. Scientists who have managed to do research on the health impacts of the GM seeds are often harassed, intimidated, and defamed by those with a strong interest in the GM technology. Even with these challenges researcher have managed to conduct medical research on the health effects of GM seeds; of these tests the most obvious concern has been the risk of allergic reactions.